{"id_concept_class": "ctp_C3", "creation_time": 1512660629280, "event_stamp": "2009-06-22T19:12:55", "def_id_user": "usr_49a467bf4e0db", "def_event_stamp": "2015-05-20T21:39:02", "last_updated": 1512660629280, "def_id": "def_555cfef66688f", "name": "decision making", "alias": "", "definition_text": "The deliberate selection of a single alternative amongst multiple alternatives. ", "id_user": "usr_0000000000", "id": "trm_4a3fd79d0a038", "type": "concept", "concepts": [], "contrasts": [{"creation_time": 1689623431, "last_updated": 1689623431, "name": "risk taking", "id": "cnt_RoHKpjZOVJQaZ", "relationship": "MEASUREDBY", "task_id": "trm_5667488d52ccc"}, {"creation_time": 1689616854, "last_updated": 1689616854, "name": "score of decisions", "id": "cnt_rDInk6cSM1cy0", "relationship": "MEASUREDBY", "task_id": "trm_5667492c555b7"}, {"creation_time": 1689608843, "last_updated": 1689608843, "name": "jar choice", "id": "cnt_Qp1RIQoMYMotx", "relationship": "MEASUREDBY", "task_id": "tsk_22KTtBdDDjZrU"}, {"creation_time": 1689218480, "last_updated": 1689218480, "name": "risk-taking decision making", "id": "cnt_oTqNpKow97des", "relationship": "MEASUREDBY", "task_id": "tsk_zhAW4G31jTPrw"}, {"creation_time": 1512660667372, "event_stamp": "2013-01-16T23:55:15", "last_updated": 1512660667372, "name": "probability of the participant's decision being correct based on the available evidence at the time of the decision", "id_user": "usr_4de5345b3b6a8", "id": "cnt_50f73de372e77", "relationship": "MEASUREDBY", "task_id": "trm_50f73d557c967"}, {"creation_time": 1512660645278, "event_stamp": "2012-11-27T00:40:38", "last_updated": 1512660645278, "name": "response time for \"bad\" or risky doors minus response time for \"good\" doors", "id_user": "usr_4de5345b3b6a8", "id": "cnt_50b40c06406f1", "relationship": "MEASUREDBY", "task_id": "trm_50b40bca8cf83"}, {"creation_time": 1512660664077, "event_stamp": "2012-08-07T23:09:54", "last_updated": 1512660664077, "name": "\"safe\" deck versus \"risky\" deck choices", "id_user": "usr_4f177506dde77", "id": "cnt_5021a042336c1", "relationship": "MEASUREDBY", "task_id": "tsk_4a57abb949ae5"}, {"creation_time": 1512660662402, "event_stamp": "2012-07-17T20:25:42", "last_updated": 1512660662402, "name": "reward probability-amount ratio", "id_user": "usr_4f177506dde77", "id": "cnt_5005ca466073a", "relationship": "MEASUREDBY", "task_id": "trm_4f242042e5805"}], "citations": [], "conceptclasses": [{"creation_time": 1512660843652, "last_updated": 1512660843652, "name": "Reasoning and Decision Making", "display_order": 7, "description": "Reasoning and Decision Making", "id": "ctp_C3", "relationship": "CLASSIFIEDUNDER"}], "relationships": [{"id_concept_class": "ctp_C7", "creation_time": 1512660634565, "event_stamp": "2009-06-22T19:12:56", "def_id_user": "usr_51bc76ae9636c", "def_event_stamp": "2015-11-08T23:32:53", "last_updated": 1512660634565, "def_id": "def_563fdba594d80", "name": "response selection", "alias": "action selection, motor execution", "definition_text": "The selection of one action from a limited set of possible actions.", "id_user": "usr_0000000000", "id": "trm_4a3fd79d0af71", "relationship": "PARTOF", "direction": "child"}, {"id_concept_class": "ctp_C3", "creation_time": 1512660636196, "event_stamp": "2009-06-22T19:12:56", "def_id_user": "usr_49a467bf4e0db", "def_event_stamp": "2012-03-29T01:56:17", "last_updated": 1512660636196, "def_id": "def_4f73c14180de5", "name": "uncertainty", "alias": "", "definition_text": "the lack of knowledge regarding the likelihood of potential outcomes", "id_user": "usr_0000000000", "id": "trm_4a3fd79d0b3fa", "relationship": "PARTOF", "direction": "child"}, {"id_concept_class": "ctp_C5", "creation_time": 1512660642919, "event_stamp": "2015-06-12T21:05:23", "def_id_user": "usr_49a467bf4e0db", "def_event_stamp": "2015-12-30T16:14:19", "last_updated": 1512660642919, "def_id": "def_568402db14149", "name": "reinforcement learning", "alias": "", "definition_text": "the modification of the value placed on potential stimulus/action combinations based on the outcomes associated with those actions in the past", "id_user": "usr_51bc76ae9636c", "id": "trm_557b4993a0fdd", "relationship": "PARTOF", "direction": "child"}, {"id_concept_class": "ctp_C3", "creation_time": 1512660634720, "event_stamp": "2009-06-22T19:12:56", "def_id_user": "usr_55dcefd8b28c0", "def_event_stamp": "2015-08-28T18:18:46", "last_updated": 1512660634720, "def_id": "def_55e0a60623a51", "name": "risk", "alias": "", "definition_text": "Formally and mathematically speaking, the minimal definition of risk is what (Rothschild and Stiglitz, 1970) call a mean-preserving increase in dispersion. A typical example is a gamble offering $400 or $600 based on the outcome of a coin flip (i.e. with equal probability (50%)); this is less risky as compared to a similar gamble offering $200 or $800 [again depending on the outcome of a coin flip]. Notice here that the mean outcome (or \u00e2\u0080\u009cexpected value\u00e2\u0080\u009d) remains the same for both gambles.\r\n\r\nThus risk can increase by keeping both the probabilities and the expected value the same. \r\n\r\nThere are other approaches to risk that are less mathematically stringent but have higher ecological validity. For instance increasing the probability of a (positive outcome) is associated with a reduced perception of risk. Notice though now that the expected value (or the mean outcome) also increases. So, it is difficult in that case to disentangle the two metrics.\r\n\r\nMany times  the term risk is associated with the probability of a negative outcome, or what is formally called downside risk. This idea is mostly due to the way actuarial science and insurance companies (which are more interested in the negative aspects of risk) use the term. For instance, the statement, \u00e2\u0080\u009cnow we increase the risk,\u00e2\u0080\u009d might be translated as taking more perilous actions, but formally, this is not the case. The point of risk is that the opportunity also increases (\u00e2\u0080\u009cupside\u00e2\u0080\u009d risk). Thus, a situation that is riskier can be attractive, especially if the agent focuses on the positive outcomes.\r\n\r\nAnother approach is the so-called \u00e2\u0080\u009cmoment-based\u00e2\u0080\u009d approach. Here, one is interested in the second or higher moments of a distribution, roughly corresponding to variance, skewness and kurtosis. Skewness is of particular interest because it seems that risk-seeking persons (gamblers) can be attracted by positively skewed outcomes. Bets that offer a small probability of a high outcome are  attractive to gamblers (Garrett and Sobel, 1999).\r\n\r\nOverall, risk is not a unitary concept and should be very carefully defined.\r\n\r\nNote that the term risk as used here should be distinguished from the way the term is used in sentences such as "risk of developing Parkinson's disease". An epidemiologist could help on the definition in that context.\r\n\r\nInput by other contributors:\r\nthe probability or likelihood that an event will occur; possibility of loss or injury; someone or something that creates or suggests a hazard; the chance that an investment will lose value.", "id_user": "usr_0000000000", "id": "trm_4a3fd79d0afcf", "relationship": "PARTOF", "direction": "child"}, {"id_concept_class": "ctp_C4", "creation_time": 1512660636760, "event_stamp": "2009-06-22T19:12:57", "def_id_user": "usr_49a467bf4e0db", "def_event_stamp": "2011-08-09T17:29:18", "last_updated": 1512660636760, "def_id": "def_4e416e6e701f6", "name": "working memory", "alias": "", "definition_text": "active maintenance and flexible updating of goal/task relevant information (items, goals, strategies, etc.) in a form that resists interference but has limited capacity. These representations may involve flexible binding of representations, may be characterized by the absence of external support for the internally maintained representations, and are frequently temporary due to ongoing interference\r\n", "id_user": "usr_0000000000", "id": "trm_4a3fd79d0b5a7", "relationship": "PARTOF", "direction": "child"}, {"id_concept_class": "ctp_C3", "creation_time": 1512660642305, "event_stamp": "2015-06-12T20:57:15", "def_id_user": "usr_49a467bf4e0db", "def_event_stamp": "2015-12-30T16:55:59", "last_updated": 1512660642305, "def_id": "def_56840c9f96529", "name": "decision certainty", "alias": "", "definition_text": "the confidence of knowledge regarding the likelihood of an outcome.", "id_user": "usr_51bc76ae9636c", "id": "trm_557b47abe9a34", "relationship": "PARTOF", "direction": "child"}, {"id_concept_class": "ctp_C3", "creation_time": 1512660642437, "event_stamp": "2015-06-12T21:01:05", "def_id_user": "usr_49a467bf4e0db", "def_event_stamp": "2015-12-30T16:22:42", "last_updated": 1512660642437, "def_id": "def_568404d203cc9", "name": "feature comparison", "alias": "", "definition_text": "Comparison of stimuli based on a shared feature.", "id_user": "usr_51bc76ae9636c", "id": "trm_557b4891e9265", "relationship": "KINDOF", "direction": "child"}, {"id_concept_class": "ctp_C3", "creation_time": 1512660627953, "event_stamp": "2009-06-22T19:12:55", "def_id_user": "usr_49a467bf4e0db", "def_event_stamp": "2015-05-20T21:57:23", "last_updated": 1512660627953, "def_id": "def_555d034337949", "name": "categorization", "alias": "", "definition_text": "The assignment of a stimulus to one of a set of categories", "id_user": "usr_0000000000", "id": "trm_4a3fd79d09c28", "relationship": "KINDOF", "direction": "child"}, {"id_concept_class": "", "creation_time": 1512660643499, "event_stamp": "2015-06-25T21:31:30", "def_id_user": "usr_51bc76ae9636c", "def_event_stamp": "2015-06-25T21:31:30", "last_updated": 1512660643499, "def_id": "def_558c73325f2a8", "name": "intertemporal choice", "alias": "", "definition_text": "the study of how people make choices about what and how much to do at various points in time, when choices at one time influence the possibilities available at other points in time.\r\n\r\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Intertemporal_choice", "id_user": "usr_51bc76ae9636c", "id": "trm_558c73324a6ca", "relationship": "KINDOF", "direction": "child"}, {"id_concept_class": "ctp_C3", "creation_time": 1512660642197, "event_stamp": "2015-06-12T20:54:51", "def_id_user": "usr_49a467bf4e0db", "def_event_stamp": "2015-12-30T17:06:59", "last_updated": 1512660642197, "def_id": "def_56840f330ab24", "name": "animacy decision", "alias": "", "definition_text": "decision about whether a stimulus exhibits animacy", "id_user": "usr_51bc76ae9636c", "id": "trm_557b471bc6cd8", "relationship": "KINDOF", "direction": "child"}, {"id_concept_class": "ctp_C3", "creation_time": 1512660634381, "event_stamp": "2009-06-22T19:12:56", "def_id_user": "usr_4b9003ea0be96", "def_event_stamp": "2011-05-16T17:57:30", "last_updated": 1512660634381, "def_id": "def_4dd1658a684ce", "name": "reasoning", "alias": "", "definition_text": "drawing of inferences or conclusions through the use of reason.", "id_user": "usr_0000000000", "id": "trm_4a3fd79d0aec1", "relationship": "KINDOF", "direction": "child"}, {"id_concept_class": "ctp_C8", "creation_time": 1512660629831, "event_stamp": "2009-06-22T19:12:55", "def_id_user": "usr_4e42bd78e66cc", "def_event_stamp": "2011-08-14T23:04:41", "last_updated": 1512660629831, "def_id": "def_4e48548957abe", "name": "emotional decision making", "alias": "", "definition_text": "The use of affective information as information in a decision making process or as a basis for making a decision. Hot cognition.", "id_user": "usr_0000000000", "id": "trm_4a3fd79d0a18b", "relationship": "KINDOF", "direction": "child"}, {"id_concept_class": "ctp_C3", "creation_time": 1512660631382, "event_stamp": "2009-06-22T19:12:55", "def_id_user": "usr_49a467bf4e0db", "def_event_stamp": "2012-03-29T00:04:58", "last_updated": 1512660631382, "def_id": "def_4f73a72ad03a7", "name": "inference", "alias": "", "definition_text": "the act of passing from one proposition, statement, or judgment considered as true to another whose truth is believed to follow from that of the former; the act of passing from statistical sample data to generalizations (as of the value of population parameters) usually with calculated degrees of certainty.", "id_user": "usr_0000000000", "id": "trm_4a3fd79d0a5ed", "relationship": "KINDOF", "direction": "child"}, {"id_concept_class": "ctp_C4", "creation_time": 1512660636889, "event_stamp": "2009-06-22T19:12:57", "def_id_user": "usr_51bc76ae9636c", "def_event_stamp": "2015-11-08T21:15:26", "last_updated": 1512660636889, "def_id": "def_563fbb6e11fe1", "name": "set shifting", "alias": "mental set shifting, task set reconfiguration", "definition_text": "disengagement of an irrelevant task set and subsequent engagement of a relevant task set despite interference and/or priming", "id_user": "usr_0000000000", "id": "trm_4a3fd79d0b607", "relationship": "PARTOF", "direction": "parent"}]}