{"id_concept_class": "", "creation_time": 1512660599300, "event_stamp": "2016-01-13T19:56:28", "def_id_user": "usr_566738e285cfc", "def_event_stamp": "2016-01-13T19:56:29", "last_updated": 1512660599300, "def_id": "def_5696abed16f26", "name": "DOSPERT ", "alias": "", "definition_text": "A psychometric scale that assesses risk taking in five content domains: financial decisions (separately for investing versus gambling), health/safety, recreational, ethical, and social decisions. Respondents rate the likelihood that they would engage in domain-specific risky activities (Part I). An optional Part II assesses respondents\u00e2\u0080\u0099 perceptions of the magnitude of the risks and expected benefits of the activities judged in Part I.", "id_user": "usr_566738e285cfc", "id": "trm_5696abecf2569", "type": "task", "conditions": [{"creation_time": 1512660624557, "event_stamp": "2016-01-13T20:01:40", "last_updated": 1512660624557, "condition_text": "Expected-Benefits(EB)", "name": "Expected-Benefits(EB)", "condition_description": "expected value and risk", "id_user": "usr_566738e285cfc", "id": "con_5696ad24bf739", "relationship": "HASCONDITION"}, {"creation_time": 1512660624520, "event_stamp": "2016-01-13T20:01:01", "last_updated": 1512660624520, "condition_text": "Risk-Perceptions(RP)", "name": "Risk-Perceptions(RP)", "condition_description": "perceptions of risk", "id_user": "usr_566738e285cfc", "id": "con_5696acfd4fb4a", "relationship": "HASCONDITION"}, {"creation_time": 1512660624479, "event_stamp": "2016-01-13T20:00:27", "last_updated": 1512660624479, "condition_text": "Risk-Taking(RT)", "name": "Risk-Taking(RT)", "condition_description": "risk taking behavior", "id_user": "usr_566738e285cfc", "id": "con_5696acdba7dea", "relationship": "HASCONDITION"}], "concepts": [{"creation_time": 1512660640785, "last_updated": 1512660640785, "def_event_stamp": "2013-04-01T17:52:06", "id_user": "usr_4de5345b3b6a8", "id_concept_class": "", "event_stamp": "2013-04-01T17:52:06", "def_id_user": "usr_4de5345b3b6a8", "def_id": "def_5159c94667b3c", "name": "reward valuation", "alias": "", "definition_text": "Processes by which the probability and benefits of a prospective outcome are computed and calibrated by reference to external information, social context (e.g., group input, counterfactual comparisons), and/or prior experience. This calibration is influenced by pre-existing biases, learning, memory, stimulus characteristics, and deprivation states. Reward valuation may involve the assignment of incentive salience to stimuli.", "contrasts": [{"creation_time": 1689617019, "last_updated": 1689617019, "name": "risk taking scale", "id": "cnt_6PCUKAVc3IJqp"}], "concept_id": "trm_5159c94667677"}, {"creation_time": 1689619381, "last_updated": 1689619381, "name": "Risk Taking", "definition_text": "accepting a challenging task that simultaneously involves potential for failure as well as for accomplishment or personal benefit. It is often associated with creativity and taking calculated risks in the workplace or in educational settings.", "contrasts": [{"creation_time": 1689617019, "last_updated": 1689617019, "name": "risk taking scale", "id": "cnt_6PCUKAVc3IJqp"}], "concept_id": "trm_4l7BDO8GJ3LdM"}, {"creation_time": 1689616964, "last_updated": 1689616964, "name": "Risk Perception", "definition_text": "an individual\u2019s subjective assessment of the level of risk associated with a particular hazard (e.g., health threat). Risk perceptions vary according to factors such as past experiences, age, gender, and culture. For example, women tend to overestimate their risk of developing breast cancer. These exaggerated perceptions of risk may motivate people to seek genetic services, genetic testing, or prophylactic surgery. Also called perceived risk.", "contrasts": [{"creation_time": 1689617019, "last_updated": 1689617019, "name": "risk taking scale", "id": "cnt_6PCUKAVc3IJqp"}], "concept_id": "trm_Ba49klQ9ApNSg"}, {"creation_time": 1512660634720, "last_updated": 1512660634720, "def_event_stamp": "2015-08-28T18:18:46", "id_user": "usr_0000000000", "id_concept_class": "ctp_C3", "event_stamp": "2009-06-22T19:12:56", "def_id_user": "usr_55dcefd8b28c0", "def_id": "def_55e0a60623a51", "name": "risk", "alias": "", "definition_text": "Formally and mathematically speaking, the minimal definition of risk is what (Rothschild and Stiglitz, 1970) call a mean-preserving increase in dispersion. A typical example is a gamble offering $400 or $600 based on the outcome of a coin flip (i.e. with equal probability (50%)); this is less risky as compared to a similar gamble offering $200 or $800 [again depending on the outcome of a coin flip]. Notice here that the mean outcome (or \u00e2\u0080\u009cexpected value\u00e2\u0080\u009d) remains the same for both gambles.\r\n\r\nThus risk can increase by keeping both the probabilities and the expected value the same. \r\n\r\nThere are other approaches to risk that are less mathematically stringent but have higher ecological validity. For instance increasing the probability of a (positive outcome) is associated with a reduced perception of risk. Notice though now that the expected value (or the mean outcome) also increases. So, it is difficult in that case to disentangle the two metrics.\r\n\r\nMany times  the term risk is associated with the probability of a negative outcome, or what is formally called downside risk. This idea is mostly due to the way actuarial science and insurance companies (which are more interested in the negative aspects of risk) use the term. For instance, the statement, \u00e2\u0080\u009cnow we increase the risk,\u00e2\u0080\u009d might be translated as taking more perilous actions, but formally, this is not the case. The point of risk is that the opportunity also increases (\u00e2\u0080\u009cupside\u00e2\u0080\u009d risk). Thus, a situation that is riskier can be attractive, especially if the agent focuses on the positive outcomes.\r\n\r\nAnother approach is the so-called \u00e2\u0080\u009cmoment-based\u00e2\u0080\u009d approach. Here, one is interested in the second or higher moments of a distribution, roughly corresponding to variance, skewness and kurtosis. Skewness is of particular interest because it seems that risk-seeking persons (gamblers) can be attracted by positively skewed outcomes. Bets that offer a small probability of a high outcome are  attractive to gamblers (Garrett and Sobel, 1999).\r\n\r\nOverall, risk is not a unitary concept and should be very carefully defined.\r\n\r\nNote that the term risk as used here should be distinguished from the way the term is used in sentences such as "risk of developing Parkinson's disease". An epidemiologist could help on the definition in that context.\r\n\r\nInput by other contributors:\r\nthe probability or likelihood that an event will occur; possibility of loss or injury; someone or something that creates or suggests a hazard; the chance that an investment will lose value.", "contrasts": [{"creation_time": 1689617019, "last_updated": 1689617019, "name": "risk taking scale", "id": "cnt_6PCUKAVc3IJqp"}], "concept_id": "trm_4a3fd79d0afcf"}], "indicators": [], "external_datasets": [], "implementations": [], "citation": [], "contrasts": [{"creation_time": 1689617019, "last_updated": 1689617019, "name": "risk taking scale", "id": "cnt_6PCUKAVc3IJqp", "conditions": []}], "batteries": [], "disorders": []}