{"creation_time": 1632340180, "last_updated": 1632340180, "name": "motivational go/no-go learning task", "definition_text": "Equiprobable Go/NoGo learning task (i.e. the ratio Go cues: NoGo cues is 50:50) featuring Win cues (chance for winning points/ money vs. neutral outcome) and Avoid cues (chance for neutral outcome vs. losing points/money).<br>The task features 4 conditions (at least 1 cue per condition):<br>- Go-to-Win: Cue with chance for winning money, requires Go response<br>- Go-to-Avoid: Cue with chance for losing money, requires Go response<br>- NoGo-to-Win: Cue with chance for winning money, requires NoGo response<br>- NoGo-to-Avoid: Cue with chance for losing money, requires NoGo response<br>All conditions feature the same amount of trials, i.e. Go/NoGo and Win/Avoid are fully orthogonalized (unlike other go/nogo tasks that are aimed at measuring inhibition and thus feature more go trials).<br><br>The correct response (Go/NoGo) is not instructed, but has been learned by trial-and-error from feedback. <br>Cue valence (Win/Avoid) is either instructed (e.g. cue edges in certain color) or has to be inferred from feedback (only Win cues can yield winning money, only Avoid cues can yield losing money).<br>Outcomes are usually probabilistic (e.g. 80% valid feedback, i.e. correct responses lead to winning money for Win cues/ neutral outcomes for Avoid cues in only 80% of trials, otherwise to invalid feedback; reversed probabilities for incorrect responses).<br><br>The task is used to measure Pavlovian biases/ motivational biases, i.e. the tendency to show more Go responses (and faster reaction times) to Win cues than Avoid cues.<br><br>", "id": "tsk_uzbPk1YB47Iqd", "type": "task", "conditions": [{"creation_time": 1632340283, "last_updated": 1632340283, "name": "NoGo-to-Avoid", "id": "con_uBe813re0oT2z"}, {"creation_time": 1632340274, "last_updated": 1632340274, "name": "NoGo-to-Win", "id": "con_ezCy7OPZxx8br"}, {"creation_time": 1632340266, "last_updated": 1632340266, "name": "Go-to-Avoid", "id": "con_U5G44TBZtdIpE"}, {"creation_time": 1632340258, "last_updated": 1632340258, "name": "Go-to-Win", "id": "con_U3IKqanbb2DSW"}], "concepts": [{"creation_time": 1512660628550, "last_updated": 1512660628550, "def_event_stamp": "2015-09-18T16:55:59", "id_user": "usr_0000000000", "id_concept_class": "ctp_C1", "event_stamp": "2009-06-22T19:12:55", "def_id_user": "usr_51bc76ae9636c", "def_id": "def_55fc421f91f4b", "name": "conflict detection", "alias": "", "definition_text": "arises in the presence of concurrently active, mutually exclusive representations", "contrasts": [{"creation_time": 1632340995, "last_updated": 1632340995, "name": "Conflict", "id": "cnt_jz0chQG1ersia"}], "concept_id": "trm_4a3fd79d09e13"}, {"creation_time": 1512660642977, "last_updated": 1512660642977, "def_event_stamp": "2015-10-30T05:43:32", "id_user": "usr_51bc76ae9636c", "id_concept_class": "ctp_C4", "event_stamp": "2015-06-12T21:05:49", "def_id_user": "usr_55dcf14c19c7b", "def_id": "def_56330384dc383", "name": "response conflict", "alias": "", "definition_text": "The coactivation of competing response alternatives", "contrasts": [{"creation_time": 1632340995, "last_updated": 1632340995, "name": "Conflict", "id": "cnt_jz0chQG1ersia"}], "concept_id": "trm_557b49ad14adf"}, {"creation_time": 1632341648, "last_updated": 1632341648, "name": "Pavlovian bias", "definition_text": "Pavlovian bias (also called motivational bias) denotes that phenomenon that \r\n- reward-related cues (eliciting reward anticipation) invigorate action (lead to more active \"Go\" responses and speed up these Go responses)\r\n- punishment-related cues (eliciting punishment anticipation) suppress action (lead to less \"Go\" / more \"NoGo\" responses and slow down Go responses).\r\n\r\nThis phenomenon is often believed to arise based on asymmetric nature of the direct (\"Go\") and indirect (\"NoGo\") pathway in the basal ganglia (Frank, 2005, Collins & Frank, 2014). The direct pathway is assumed to \"gate\" / release actions, while the indirect pathway is believed to suppress/inhibit actions. The direct pathway features more dopamine D1 receptors (activated by high dopamine levels as in positive prediction errors elicited by rewards), while the indirect pathway features more dopamine D2/D3 receptors (activated by low dopamine levels as in negative prediction errors elicited by punishments). 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